ARCHIVE READING ROOM · 1581–1659

Dee and Kelley in Bohemia: The 1588–89 Letters

Dee’s 1588 royal petition and Kelley’s 1589 political report recast a joint household as separate bids for credit.

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The late Bohemian record changes genre. Dee’s November 1588 autograph addresses Elizabeth I in a carefully staged petition for a household return; the June 1589 report from Kelley turns alleged secret information into five attested articles. Their divine language can sound familiar after the angelic diaries, but the documents now seek royal favor and political credibility. Reading their forms and pronouns closely shows the partnership being recast before Dee returned without Kelley.

Period1588–1589
AnchorBritish Library · Harley MSS 6986 and 6994
Reading modeDated records and later transmission

Dee turns victory into an occasion to return

Dee opens the 10 November 1588 letter by thanking God for Elizabeth’s “wonderful triumphant victory” over her enemies. The Armada victory supplies more than a date: it lets him join providence, monarchy, and his own request in one movement. He then personifies “Lady Opportunity,” whose secret beck must be recognized and obeyed. That figure bridges public celebration and private need. Elizabeth had called “me, Mr Kelley, and our families” home about a year earlier, Dee says, and the group will try to “rid and untangle” itself from Bohemia. The verbs concede obstruction without naming a culprit; the phrase makes delayed obedience sound like a difficult extraction rather than refusal. Five adverbs; faithfully, loyally, carefully, warily, and diligently; slow the promise down and display controlled loyalty. The close offers the travelers and whatever abilities they possess at the queen’s feet. This is not a neutral itinerary. Its structure converts military thanksgiving into a plea for renewed service, while its plural language presents Dee, Kelley, and both households as one returning unit.

Kelley makes hearsay look like an intelligence brief

The 30 June 1589 report attributed to Kelley uses a different technology of credibility. It speaks of “Sir E. K.” in the third person and divides the allegation into five articles. First comes a meeting with Parkins in Prague and a claim that seven methods had been agreed for killing Elizabeth. The next articles add a proposed merchant disguise, a report of what Rosenberg supposedly said about Parkins, a letter concerning the Low Countries, and an alleged transfer of money. Each step adds a person, document, route, or number, giving the narrative the surface of corroborated intelligence. Yet the chain remains indirect: Parkins allegedly tells Kelley; Kelley tells the Englishmen; Rosenberg and an unseen letter are invoked inside that retelling. The ending says the information came to Kelley by divine providence and has Robert Tatton and George Leicester attest that he declared these points to them and to Edmond Hilton, Dee’s servant. Their signatures can attest the act of reporting; they cannot by themselves establish the conspiracy. Enumeration and witnesses make the accusation portable for officials while also presenting Kelley as a titled, useful source in his own right.

Worked comparison: Dee’s petition and Kelley’s report recast the partnership

Put the documents side by side and the change appears in grammar before it appears in the travel record. Dee writes directly to the queen as her “subject and servant,” but his request repeatedly says “our”: Kelley and both families are included in the call home, the effort to disentangle themselves, and the offer of service. Divine favor frames Elizabeth’s victory and the hoped-for return. Kelley’s report never makes the pair a speaking “we.” It names “Sir Edward” at the center of a chain of secret knowledge, describes his disclosure as faithful, and invokes divine providence to authorize information rather than travel. Dee survives at the edge through Hilton’s identification as his servant. The two texts also ask for different kinds of credit. Dee turns obedience and availability into a petition for favor; Kelley turns allegation, numbered detail, and attestation into a claim of political usefulness. The comparison does not prove that Kelley personally drafted every line of the report or that the accusation was true. It shows what each document makes its protagonist do. In November 1588 the partnership can still be imagined as a joint household returning to serve Elizabeth. By June 1589 the report constructs Kelley as an independent knight and informant whose value no longer depends on Dee’s learned authority.

The archive records separation without a final scene

The material setting reinforces that shift. Harley MS 6986 is a composite volume of royal letters and state papers; Dee’s autograph sits among correspondence involving sovereigns, ambassadors, warrants, and court business. Harley MS 6994 collects letters on state affairs from 1586–89; the Kelley report follows other May and June papers and is defined by its political allegation. Neither item is a continuation of the question-and-answer diary format. The Folger chronology records Dee back in England on 22 November 1589, at Richmond with Elizabeth on 9 December, and at Mortlake on 15 December, while Kelley remained abroad. Those dates show the failure of the collective future imagined by the petition, but they do not supply a single dramatic instant when the partnership ended. The more revealing change is documentary: a direct royal plea still groups the travelers together; an attested report centers Kelley alone; the return record follows Dee and his family home. The late archive replaces the shared action with separate attempts to secure position, credibility, and service.

What survives

Dee’s rhetoric is read from the surviving letter image and transcription: the Armada thanksgiving, Lady Opportunity, the plural call home, the five adverbs, and “rid and untangle.” The Kelley comparison follows the five-article report and its witness clause. The Harley records establish the documents’ dates and archival forms; the alleged conspiracy remains an allegation rather than an established event.

Sources and records

  1. British Library, Harley MS 6986, ff. 45r–46v ↗
  2. John Dee’s 1588 letter: manuscript image and transcription ↗
  3. British Library, Harley MS 6994, ff. 182r–183v ↗
  4. Folger, Elizabethan Court Day by Day: 1589, November–December ↗
  5. Folger, Elizabethan Court Day by Day: 1583 departure ↗

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